Understanding the intricate workings of your body during the menstrual cycle empowers you to appreciate its phases and their significance.

What is the Menstrual Cycle?

The menstrual cycle is a complicated biological process, regulated by the delicate balance of hormones. This cyclical phenomenon has an average duration usually around 28 days, during which the preparation of the female body for a possible pregnancy occurs. Although variations in the cycle length are frequent, understanding the basic phases can give valuable information about reproductive health. The menstrual cycle can cause a range of physical and emotional changes in well-being due to hormonal fluctuations.

How Does the Menstrual Cycle Work?

The menstrual cycle is divided into several phases:

• Menstrual Phase - This is the first phase and involves bleeding for about 3-7 days. During menstruation, the uterine lining built up over the previous cycle is shed if pregnancy has not occurred. This happens because the levels of hormones estrogen and progesterone from the last cycle decrease, causing the lining to be shed.
• Follicular Phase - Lasting approximately 10-16 days, this phase sees several follicles, each containing an egg, developing in the ovaries. These follicles are like tiny bubbles that gradually grow. One follicle typically develops faster than the others under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and matures an egg. The estrogen produced by the follicle stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining, preparing it for a possible pregnancy. Many women notice increased energy and a more positive mood during this phase due to estrogen.
• Ovulation Phase - This is the middle phase of the cycle and lasts about 24-48 hours. During ovulation, the most mature egg is released from the follicle in the ovary and travels through the fallopian tube towards the uterus. If sperm is present, fertilization can occur. Some women may experience slight bleeding, lower abdominal pain, or increased libido, but these symptoms are not always present.
• Luteal Phase - Following ovulation, the luteal phase begins. Lasting around 12-14 days, a structure called the corpus luteum forms where the follicle ruptures. This structure produces progesterone, a hormone that further prepares the uterus for a potential pregnancy. Progesterone also helps increase body temperature and can cause slight bloating and breast tenderness. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum eventually breaks down, progesterone levels decrease, and your body signals the start of a new menstrual cycle.

What Influences the Menstrual Cycle?

The menstrual cycle duration can vary between women and from one cycle to another. Various factors can influence it, such as:

• Age - The first menstruation (menarche) typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 16, and the last (menopause) around 51.
• Genetics - Genetic factors play a significant role in the length and characteristics of the menstrual cycle.
• Hormones - Hormones regulate all processes related to the menstrual cycle.
• Stress - Severe stress can disrupt the normal hormonal balance and lead to irregular cycles.
• Diet - An unhealthy diet and extreme diets can affect the menstrual cycle.
• Physical activity - Excessive physical activity can lead to amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).
• Medical conditions - Certain medical conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and thyroid disorders can disrupt the menstrual cycle.

When to Consult a Doctor?

If you experience irregular periods, severe pain, prolonged bleeding, or other concerns related to your menstrual cycle, it's important to consult a gynecologist. The menstrual cycle is a normal part of a woman's life and is not a cause for concern. However, if you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to seek advice from a specialist.